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                <text>This is a 1964 photo of Bronx CORE chairman Herb Callender. &#13;
A union leader in a Ford auto plant, he was one of the original 1961 Freedom Riders. The case that resulted from his particpation, Herbert E. Callender v. Florida, went all the way to the Supreme Court. He was successfully defended by CORE attorneys Carl Rachlin and Floyd McKissick. &#13;
&#13;
He is recognized as the leader who put Bronx CORE on the map with the 1963 White Castle demonstrations, a campaign that exposed the existence of southern style violence and neo-nazi members in NYC. &#13;
&#13;
 Along with Malcolm X and rent strike leader Jesse Gray, he was denounced in the press by Police Commissioner Murphy. It later came out that Callender had been targeted by the Bureau of Special Services (BOSS/NYPD) who had planted an undercover police agent, Ray Wood, in his chapter.&#13;
&#13;
 After placing the Mayor Wagner of New York City under citizen's arrest with Wood, Callender was briefly sentenced to Bellevue for mental observation. Unperturbed, he became one of the three leaders of the 1964 Stall In campaign.&#13;
&#13;
 He eventually became a field secretary and then the  national organization director for CORE, the third highest ranking position at the time. He left just before Roy Innis became the national director but was part of the unsuccessful effort in the mid-1970's along with James Farmer to take CORE back from Innis. In between he received a degree from Cornell University.&#13;
&#13;
Callender later changed his name to Makaza Kumanyika which according to his son means "a cold wind blows for Black people."</text>
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                <text>The Power of the People</text>
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                <text>Malcolm X speaking about Bronx CORE's White Castle demonstrations and 'the Jews'</text>
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                <text>This is an audio file of Malcolm X speaking about Bronx COREâ€™s demonstrations against the White Castle restaurant on Boston Road and Allerton avenue in July of 1963. He also references other CORE demonstrations. This was discovered by chance on youtube.com so unfortunately I can provide no specific information as to the where or when the speech was given. &#13;
&#13;
 The speech is interesting in that speaks to the fact that Malcolm X was paying very close attention to CORE and its many demonstrations. He speaks in detail about CORE demonstrations in both Brooklyn and the Bronx.  Many CORE members, both Black and White, have told me about times where he was either seen at their demonstrations or they came into direct contact with him in way or another. He was clearly studying CORE in NYC. &#13;
&#13;
 The speech is also interesting for his criticisms concerning 'the Jews', the liberal Jews in NYC and in particular, the Jews in CORE. Jewish members made up the majority of Whites in many of the NYC chapters, especially the college chapters. The rent strike movement, in particular, was initiated by NYU CORE, a chapter led by and almost completely made up of Jewish members.</text>
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                <text>This is the first "Incognegro" article which explores the actions of Ray Wood, an undercover police agent that infiltrated Bronx CORE and other NYC CORE chapters under orders of the Bureau of Special Services (BOSS/BOSSI), a branch of the New York City Police Department which monitored and kept under surveillance political radicals and subversives. &#13;
  &#13;
   The article is included at the top of this page and also at this link -http://hnn.us/article/173226</text>
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                <text>This is the second "Incognegro" article which explores the actions of Ray Wood, an undercover police agent that infiltrated Bronx CORE and other NYC CORE chapters under orders of the Bureau of Special Services (BOSS/BOSSI), a branch of the New York City Police Department which monitored and kept under surveillance political radicals and subversives. &#13;
&#13;
The article is included at the top of this page and also at this link -https://hnn.us/article/179630</text>
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                <text> These are court papers for the appeal of the defendants in the 1965 Statue of Liberty case in which it was alleged undercover police officer Ray Wood was the one responsible for coming up with the idea to bomb the State of Liberty, not the defendants (United States of America, Appellee, v. Walter Augustus Bowe, Robert Steele Collier, and Khaleel Sultarn Sayyed, Defendants-appellants, 360 F.2d 1 (2d Cir. 1966)). &#13;
&#13;
  What is significant about the appeal is that the lawyers for the defendants stated they had witnesses who could testify that Wood had also approached them in an attempt to work with him to bomb the Statue of Liberty in 1964. Two of these witnesses identified themselves as members of the Congress of Racial Equality. These statements confirm what other CORE members have said in oral histories as discussed in the "Incognegro" articles, specifically Rafael Martinez of Bronx CORE and Stuart Wechsler of East River CORE.&#13;
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   These statements also contradict what Ray Wood is reported to have said in the book "The Ray Wood Story" by Reggie Wood. On page 48, Ray Wood claimed his BOSSI/NYPD handlers ordered him to try and convince Collier, Bowe and Sayyed to blow up the Statue of Liberty at a meeting on  Jan. 19, 1965.   The statements of these CORE members not only confirm the claims of entrapment by Bowe and Sayyed but also speaks to the several inconsistencies in "The Ray Wood Story".  Several questions  should be asked. Did the idea to blow up the Statue of Liberty actually come from Wood's handlers or Wood himself? Was Wood telling the truth about the Jan. 19, 1965 meeting? If Wood was lying about this event is it possible he lied about other details in his confession which represents the crux of "The Ray Wood Story"? It should also be noted that Wood's daughter has openly questioned the legitimacy of Wood's confession.&#13;
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   From the court document:&#13;
 "Collier did not testify in his own behalf, but his attorney offered to put witnesses on the stand who, he asserted, were prepared to testify that during the spring and summer of 1964, Wood had urged them to participate in certain violent action in New York City, e. g., blowing up the Statue of Liberty and sewers, and stick-ups in Harlem. He argued that the testimony was crucial to the defense of entrapment in that it would impeach Wood's testimony and show his intent toward the appellants. The Government objected to the introduction of such testimony and the court sustained the objection on the ground that the slight probative value of the testimony was outweighed by its propensity to confuse the jury and unnecessarily prolong the trial by introducing collateral issues."&#13;
&#13;
"Appellants assign as error the trial court's refusal to permit Joseph Teahan, an eighteen-year old member of the Congress of Racial Equality, to testify that, in July, 1964 at a civil rights demonstration at Foley Square, Wood asked him to participate in a plan to blow up the Statue of Liberty. Three grounds of admissibility are advanced by the appellants."&#13;
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 "Appellants also object to the trial court's refusal to permit Barbara Loeb to testify that in June, 1964 she saw Wood at a civil rights rally and suggested blowing up the Statue of Liberty to him, and that he inquired as to what effect that would have. The grounds for excluding Teahan's testimony are more than sufficient to justify the action of the trial court with respect to Loeb's testimony."&#13;
&#13;
   The full court document is included at the top of this page and here is the link to it online:&#13;
  https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/360/1/390905/</text>
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